A small group of ladies met months ago to begin reading through classics of Western literature. We started at the very beginning with T
he Illiad and have continued on, though our number is only 3 now, reading through
The Orestia (Aeschylus),
Oedipus Rex and
Oedipus at Collnus (Sophocles), and now Euripides'
The Bacchae. It has been a great adventure! And I'm continually astounded by how real and current the issues are....ok, not the gouging out your eyes, but the centrality of pride as the tragic flaw.
This will not be an academic analysis...it is just one woman's notes and thoughts on an Ancient and Classic play. I'm determined to prove to myself, and to my children, that "classic" does not mean inaccessible, and that learning doesn't stop just because you are no longer in school!
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| Some of our St David of Wales Feast day flowers. |
So, we are learning together as we read (and our fearless "leader", though she wouldn't call herself that, I bet, re-reads).
By the end of our meeting last Friday, I came away fairly certain that what Euripides presents us with is an appeal to divinity. He seems to ponder, "There must be something
out there," as he shows us the hubris and folly of humans who believe in no divine thing, but he doesn't seem to know what it might be. On the other hand we are presented with barbarism that can have no source in divinity, which should be above human passions and prides. It seems he is almost saying, "There must be some god, but these crazy Greek gods aren't it!"
Euripides begins by exploring the concept of wisdom greater than human logic and a power greater than human strength.
line 200:
We do not trifle with divinity,
No, we are the heirs of customs and traditions
hallowed by age and handed down to us
by our fathers. No quibbling logic can topple them,
whatever subtleties this clever age invents.
line 309:
Mark my words,
Pentheus. Do not be so certain that power
is what matters in the life of men; do not mistake
for wisdom the fantasies of your sick mind.
line 505:
You do not know
the limits of your strength. You do not know
what you do. You do know know who you are.
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| One of our cats, my particular buddy, has found a cubby hole hideout on my desk. This is why I cannot stay organized! |
There are themes of knowing oneself - that self-deception is the greatest deception and the greatest foolishness. And here Pentheus (the young ruler, who distrusts anything that isn't logical) is told by a disguised Dionysus that he doesn't know what he's doing...we know, because of foreshadowing, that he is going to have a tragic end.
line 636:
.... A man, a man, and nothing more,
yet he presumed to wage a war with a god.
line 641:
Wise men know constraint: our passions are controlled.
Pentheus is warned time and again not to try to war against the god, Dionysus. That it will be his end, but in his great pride he cannot see his foolishness.
It is hard to have much pity for him at this point...he truly is prideful beyond belief! But then Dionysus brings him down by his (Pentheus') own mother's hand - and we are stirred to pity for the disaster he's been lured into even if by his own pride.
It is too late for Pentheus and his entire family, they are all destroyed in the end, but the Chorus reminds us that it is not too late for the reader:
line 1000:
Against the unassailable he runs, with rage
obsessed. Headlong he runs to death.
For death the gods exact, curbing by that bit
the mouths of men. They humble us with death
that we remember what we are who are not god,
but men. We run to death. Wherefore, I say,
accept, accept:
humility is wise, humility is blest.
and at 1151:
Humility, a sense of reverence before the sons of heaven -
of all the prizes that a mortal man might win,
these, I say, are wisest; these are best.
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| A typical school day. This is about half of our school room. |
Euripides questions the Olympian gods' motives and actions directly:
line 1348:
Gods should be exempt from human passions.
But we have seen the very opposite of this from the god Dionysus, whose passions have driven him to brutality.
Both central characters: Dionysus and Pentheus are completely inflexible. But we can expect a man, especially a young man, to be flawed by pride...but not a god. Surely, Euripides wasn't suggesting that these pitiless gods were worth our devotion. Rather, he is presenting us with a quandary he was trying to solve: we must have belief in something beyond ourselves; otherwise, we become entirely at the mercy of own "sick minds". Clearly, however, these gods are not it.
(the lines refer to the translation by W. Arrowsmith, U. Chicago press)
